;; XML processing in Scheme ; SXPath -- SXML Query Language ; ; $Id: sxpathlib.scm,v 3.918 2004/02/05 22:52:33 kl Exp kl $ ; ; This code is in Public Domain ; It's based on SXPath by Oleg Kiselyov, and multiple improvements ; implemented by Dmitry Lizorkin. ; ; The list of differences from original SXPath.scm my be found in changelog.txt ; ; Kirill Lisovsky lisovsky@acm.org ; ; * * * ; ; SXPath is a query language for SXML, an instance of XML Information ; set (Infoset) in the form of s-expressions. See SSAX.scm for the ; definition of SXML and more details. SXPath is also a translation into ; Scheme of an XML Path Language, XPath: ; http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath ; XPath and SXPath describe means of selecting a set of Infoset's items ; or their properties. ; ; To facilitate queries, XPath maps the XML Infoset into an explicit ; tree, and introduces important notions of a location path and a ; current, context node. A location path denotes a selection of a set of ; nodes relative to a context node. Any XPath tree has a distinguished, ; root node -- which serves as the context node for absolute location ; paths. Location path is recursively defined as a location step joined ; with a location path. A location step is a simple query of the ; database relative to a context node. A step may include expressions ; that further filter the selected set. Each node in the resulting set ; is used as a context node for the adjoining location path. The result ; of the step is a union of the sets returned by the latter location ; paths. ; ; The SXML representation of the XML Infoset (see SSAX.scm) is rather ; suitable for querying as it is. Bowing to the XPath specification, ; we will refer to SXML information items as 'Nodes': ; ::= | | ; | "text string" | ; This production can also be described as ; ::= (name . ) | "text string" ; An (ordered) set of nodes is just a list of the constituent nodes: ; ::= ( ...) ; Nodelists, and Nodes other than text strings are both lists. A ; however is either an empty list, or a list whose head is not ; a symbol. A symbol at the head of a node is either an XML name (in ; which case it's a tag of an XML element), or an administrative name ; such as '@'. This uniform list representation makes processing rather ; simple and elegant, while avoiding confusion. The multi-branch tree ; structure formed by the mutually-recursive datatypes and ; lends itself well to processing by functional languages. ; ; A location path is in fact a composite query over an XPath tree or ; its branch. A singe step is a combination of a projection, selection ; or a transitive closure. Multiple steps are combined via join and ; union operations. This insight allows us to _elegantly_ implement ; XPath as a sequence of projection and filtering primitives -- ; converters -- joined by _combinators_. Each converter takes a node ; and returns a nodelist which is the result of the corresponding query ; relative to that node. A converter can also be called on a set of ; nodes. In that case it returns a union of the corresponding queries over ; each node in the set. The union is easily implemented as a list ; append operation as all nodes in a SXML tree are considered ; distinct, by XPath conventions. We also preserve the order of the ; members in the union. Query combinators are high-order functions: ; they take converter(s) (which is a Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist function) ; and compose or otherwise combine them. We will be concerned with ; only relative location paths [XPath]: an absolute location path is a ; relative path applied to the root node. ; ; Similarly to XPath, SXPath defines full and abbreviated notations ; for location paths. In both cases, the abbreviated notation can be ; mechanically expanded into the full form by simple rewriting ; rules. In case of SXPath the corresponding rules are given as ; comments to a sxpath function, below. The regression test suite at ; the end of this file shows a representative sample of SXPaths in ; both notations, juxtaposed with the corresponding XPath ; expressions. Most of the samples are borrowed literally from the ; XPath specification, while the others are adjusted for our running ; example, tree1. ; ;============================================================================= ; Basic converters and applicators ; A converter is a function ; type Converter = Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist ; A converter can also play a role of a predicate: in that case, if a ; converter, applied to a node or a nodelist, yields a non-empty ; nodelist, the converter-predicate is deemed satisfied. Throughout ; this file a nil nodelist is equivalent to #f in denoting a failure. ; Returns #t if given object is a nodelist (define (nodeset? x) (or (and (pair? x) (not (symbol? (car x)))) (null? x))) ; If x is a nodelist - returns it as is, otherwise wrap it in a list. (define (as-nodeset x) (if (nodeset? x) x (list x))) ;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Node test ; The following functions implement 'Node test's as defined in ; Sec. 2.3 of XPath document. A node test is one of the components of a ; location step. It is also a converter-predicate in SXPath. ; Predicate which returns #t if is SXML element, otherwise returns #f. (define (sxml:element? obj) (and (pair? obj) (symbol? (car obj)) (not (memq (car obj) ; '(@ @@ *PI* *COMMENT* *ENTITY* *NAMESPACES*) ; the line above is a workaround for old SXML '(@ @@ *PI* *COMMENT* *ENTITY*))))) ; The function ntype-names?? takes a list of acceptable node names as a ; criterion and returns a function, which, when applied to a node, ; will return #t if the node name is present in criterion list and #f ; othervise. ; ntype-names?? :: ListOfNames -> Node -> Boolean (define (ntype-names?? crit) (lambda(node) (and (pair? node) (memq (car node) crit)))) ; The function ntype?? takes a type criterion and returns ; a function, which, when applied to a node, will tell if the node satisfies ; the test. ; ntype?? :: Crit -> Node -> Boolean ; ; The criterion 'crit' is ; one of the following symbols: ; id - tests if the Node has the right name (id) ; @ - tests if the Node is an ; * - tests if the Node is an ; *text* - tests if the Node is a text node ; *data* - tests if the Node is a data node ; (text, number, boolean, etc., but not pair) ; *PI* - tests if the Node is a PI node ; *COMMENT* - tests if the Node is a COMMENT node ; *ENTITY* - tests if the Node is a ENTITY node ; *any* - #t for any type of Node (define (ntype?? crit) (case crit ((*) sxml:element?) ((*any*) (lambda (node) #t)) ((*text*) (lambda (node) (string? node))) ((*data*) (lambda (node) (not (pair? node)))) (else (lambda (node) (and (pair? node) (eq? crit (car node))))) )) ; This function takes a namespace-id, and returns a predicate ; Node -> Boolean, which is #t for nodes with this very namespace-id. ; ns-id is a string ; (ntype-namespace-id?? #f) will be #t for nodes with non-qualified names. (define (ntype-namespace-id?? ns-id) (lambda (node) (and (pair? node) (not (memq (car node) '(@ @@ *PI* *COMMENT* *ENTITY*))) (let ((nm (symbol->string (car node)))) (cond ((string-rindex nm #\:) => (lambda (pos) (and (= pos (string-length ns-id)) (string-prefix? ns-id nm)))) (else (not ns-id))))))) ;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ; This function takes a predicate and returns it complemented ; That is if the given predicate yelds #f or '() the complemented one ; yields the given node (#t) and vice versa. (define (sxml:complement pred) (lambda(node) (case (pred node) ((#f '()) node) (else #f)))) ; Curried equivalence converter-predicates (define (node-eq? other) (lambda (node) (eq? other node))) (define (node-equal? other) (lambda (node) (equal? other node))) ; node-pos:: N -> Nodelist -> Nodelist, or ; node-pos:: N -> Converter ; Select the N'th element of a Nodelist and return as a singular Nodelist; ; Return an empty nodelist if the Nth element does not exist. ; ((node-pos 1) Nodelist) selects the node at the head of the Nodelist, ; if exists; ((node-pos 2) Nodelist) selects the Node after that, if ; exists. ; N can also be a negative number: in that case the node is picked from ; the tail of the list. ; ((node-pos -1) Nodelist) selects the last node of a non-empty nodelist; ; ((node-pos -2) Nodelist) selects the last but one node, if exists. (define (node-pos n) (lambda (nodelist) (cond ((not (nodeset? nodelist)) '()) ((null? nodelist) nodelist) ((eqv? n 1) (list (car nodelist))) ((negative? n) ((node-pos (- n)) (reverse nodelist))) (else (assert (positive? n)) ((node-pos (-- n)) (cdr nodelist)))))) ; filter:: Converter -> Converter ; A filter applicator, which introduces a filtering context. The argument ; converter is considered a predicate, with either #f or nil result meaning ; failure. (define (sxml:filter pred?) (lambda (lst) ; a nodelist or a node (will be converted to a singleton nset) (let loop ((lst (as-nodeset lst)) (res '())) (if (null? lst) (reverse res) (let ((pred-result (pred? (car lst)))) (loop (cdr lst) (if (and pred-result (not (null? pred-result))) (cons (car lst) res) res))))))) ; take-until:: Converter -> Converter, or ; take-until:: Pred -> Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist ; Given a converter-predicate and a nodelist, apply the predicate to ; each element of the nodelist, until the predicate yields anything but #f or ; nil. Return the elements of the input nodelist that have been processed ; till that moment (that is, which fail the predicate). ; take-until is a variation of the filter above: take-until passes ; elements of an ordered input set till (but not including) the first ; element that satisfies the predicate. ; The nodelist returned by ((take-until (not pred)) nset) is a subset -- ; to be more precise, a prefix -- of the nodelist returned by ; ((filter pred) nset) (define (take-until pred?) (lambda (lst) ; a nodelist or a node (will be converted to a singleton nset) (let loop ((lst (as-nodeset lst))) (if (null? lst) lst (let ((pred-result (pred? (car lst)))) (if (and pred-result (not (null? pred-result))) '() (cons (car lst) (loop (cdr lst))))) )))) ; take-after:: Converter -> Converter, or ; take-after:: Pred -> Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist ; Given a converter-predicate and a nodelist, apply the predicate to ; each element of the nodelist, until the predicate yields anything but #f or ; nil. Return the elements of the input nodelist that have not been processed: ; that is, return the elements of the input nodelist that follow the first ; element that satisfied the predicate. ; take-after along with take-until partition an input nodelist into three ; parts: the first element that satisfies a predicate, all preceding ; elements and all following elements. (define (take-after pred?) (lambda (lst) ; a nodelist or a node (will be converted to a singleton nset) (let loop ((lst (as-nodeset lst))) (if (null? lst) lst (let ((pred-result (pred? (car lst)))) (if (and pred-result (not (null? pred-result))) (cdr lst) (loop (cdr lst)))) )))) ; Apply proc to each element of lst and return the list of results. ; if proc returns a nodelist, splice it into the result ; ; From another point of view, map-union is a function Converter->Converter, ; which places an argument-converter in a joining context. (define (map-union proc lst) (if (null? lst) lst (let ((proc-res (proc (car lst)))) ((if (nodeset? proc-res) append cons) proc-res (map-union proc (cdr lst)))))) ; node-reverse :: Converter, or ; node-reverse:: Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist ; Reverses the order of nodes in the nodelist ; This basic converter is needed to implement a reverse document order ; (see the XPath Recommendation). (define node-reverse (lambda (node-or-nodelist) (if (not (nodeset? node-or-nodelist)) (list node-or-nodelist) (reverse node-or-nodelist)))) ; node-trace:: String -> Converter ; (node-trace title) is an identity converter. In addition it prints out ; a node or nodelist it is applied to, prefixed with the 'title'. ; This converter is very useful for debugging. (define (node-trace title) (lambda (node-or-nodelist) (cout nl "-->" title " :") (pp node-or-nodelist) node-or-nodelist)) ;------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ; Converter combinators ; ; Combinators are higher-order functions that transmogrify a converter ; or glue a sequence of converters into a single, non-trivial ; converter. The goal is to arrive at converters that correspond to ; XPath location paths. ; ; From a different point of view, a combinator is a fixed, named ; _pattern_ of applying converters. Given below is a complete set of ; such patterns that together implement XPath location path ; specification. As it turns out, all these combinators can be built ; from a small number of basic blocks: regular functional composition, ; map-union and filter applicators, and the nodelist union. ; select-kids:: Pred -> Node -> Nodelist ; Given a Node, return an (ordered) subset its children that satisfy ; the Pred (a converter, actually) ; select-kids:: Pred -> Nodelist -> Nodelist ; The same as above, but select among children of all the nodes in ; the Nodelist ; ; More succinctly, the signature of this function is ; select-kids:: Converter -> Converter (define (select-kids test-pred?) (lambda (node) ; node or node-set (cond ((null? node) node) ((not (pair? node)) '()) ; No children ((symbol? (car node)) ((sxml:filter test-pred?) (cdr node))) ; it's a single node (else (map-union (select-kids test-pred?) node))))) ; node-self:: Pred -> Node -> Nodelist, or ; node-self:: Converter -> Converter ; Similar to select-kids but apply to the Node itself rather ; than to its children. The resulting Nodelist will contain either one ; component, or will be empty (if the Node failed the Pred). (define node-self sxml:filter) ; node-join:: [LocPath] -> Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist, or ; node-join:: [Converter] -> Converter ; join the sequence of location steps or paths as described ; in the title comments above. (define (node-join . selectors) (lambda (nodelist) ; Nodelist or node (let loop ((nodelist nodelist) (selectors selectors)) (if (null? selectors) nodelist (loop (if (nodeset? nodelist) (map-union (car selectors) nodelist) ((car selectors) nodelist)) (cdr selectors)))))) ; node-reduce:: [LocPath] -> Node|Nodelist -> Nodelist, or ; node-reduce:: [Converter] -> Converter ; A regular functional composition of converters. ; From a different point of view, ; ((apply node-reduce converters) nodelist) ; is equivalent to ; (foldl apply nodelist converters) ; i.e., folding, or reducing, a list of converters with the nodelist ; as a seed. (define (node-reduce . converters) (lambda (nodelist) ; Nodelist or node (let loop ((nodelist nodelist) (converters converters)) (if (null? converters) nodelist (loop ((car converters) nodelist) (cdr converters)))))) ; node-or:: [Converter] -> Converter ; This combinator applies all converters to a given node and ; produces the union of their results. ; This combinator corresponds to a union, '|' operation for XPath ; location paths. (define (node-or . converters) (lambda (node-or-nodelist) (let loop ((result '()) (converters converters)) (if (null? converters) result (loop (append result (or ((car converters) node-or-nodelist) '())) (cdr converters)))))) ; node-closure:: Converter -> Converter ; Select all _descendants_ of a node that satisfy a converter-predicate. ; This combinator is similar to select-kids but applies to ; grand... children as well. ; This combinator implements the "descendant::" XPath axis ; Conceptually, this combinator can be expressed as ; (define (node-closure f) ; (node-or ; (select-kids f) ; (node-reduce (select-kids (ntype?? '*)) (node-closure f)))) ; This definition, as written, looks somewhat like a fixpoint, and it ; will run forever. It is obvious however that sooner or later ; (select-kids (ntype?? '*)) will return an empty nodelist. At ; this point further iterations will no longer affect the result and ; can be stopped. (define (node-closure test-pred?) (let ((kid-selector (select-kids test-pred?))) (lambda (node) ; Nodelist or node (let loop ((parent node) (result '())) (if (null? parent) result (loop (sxml:child-elements parent) (append result (kid-selector parent))) ))))) ;============================================================================= ; Unified with sxpath-ext and sxml-tools ; According to XPath specification 2.3, this test is true for any ; XPath node. ; For SXML auxiliary lists and lists of attributes has to be excluded. (define (sxml:node? node) (not (and (pair? node) (memq (car node) '(@ @@))))) ; Returns the list of attributes for a given SXML node ; Empty list is returned if the given node os not an element, ; or if it has no list of attributes (define (sxml:attr-list obj) (if (and (sxml:element? obj) (not (null? (cdr obj))) (pair? (cadr obj)) (eq? '@ (caadr obj))) (cdadr obj) '())) ; Attribute axis (define (sxml:attribute test-pred?) (let ((fltr (sxml:filter test-pred?))) (lambda (node) (map-union (lambda (node) (fltr (sxml:attr-list node))) (as-nodeset node))))) ; Child axis ; This function is similar to 'select-kids', but it returns an empty ; child-list for PI, Comment and Entity nodes (define (sxml:child test-pred?) (lambda (node) ; node or node-set (cond ((null? node) node) ((not (pair? node)) '()) ; No children ((memq (car node) '(*PI* *COMMENT* *ENTITY*)) ; PI, Comment or Entity '()) ; No children ((symbol? (car node)) ; it's a single node ((sxml:filter test-pred?) (cdr node))) (else (map-union (sxml:child test-pred?) node))))) ; Parent axis ; Given a predicate, it returns a function ; RootNode -> Converter ; which which yields a ; node -> parent ; converter then applied to a rootnode. ; Thus, such a converter may be constructed using ; ((sxml:parent test-pred) rootnode) ; and returns a parent of a node it is applied to. ; If applied to a nodelist, it returns the ; list of parents of nodes in the nodelist. The rootnode does not have ; to be the root node of the whole SXML tree -- it may be a root node ; of a branch of interest. ; The parent:: axis can be used with any SXML node. (define (sxml:parent test-pred?) (lambda (root-node) ; node or nodelist (lambda (node) ; node or nodelist (if (nodeset? node) (map-union ((sxml:parent test-pred?) root-node) node) (let rpt ((pairs (apply append (map (lambda (root-n) (map (lambda (arg) (cons arg root-n)) (append (sxml:attr-list root-n) (sxml:child-nodes root-n)))) (as-nodeset root-node))) )) (if (null? pairs) '() (let ((pair (car pairs))) (if (eq? (car pair) node) ((sxml:filter test-pred?) (list (cdr pair))) (rpt (append (map (lambda (arg) (cons arg (car pair))) (append (sxml:attr-list (car pair)) (sxml:child-nodes (car pair)))) (cdr pairs) )))))))))) ;============================================================================= ; Popular short cuts ; node-parent:: RootNode -> Converter ; (node-parent rootnode) yields a converter that returns a parent of a ; node it is applied to. If applied to a nodelist, it returns the list ; of parents of nodes in the nodelist. ; Given the notation of Philip Wadler's paper on semantics of XSLT, ; parent(x) = { y | y=subnode*(root), x=subnode(y) } ; Therefore, node-parent is not the fundamental converter: it can be ; expressed through the existing ones. Yet node-parent is a rather ; convenient converter. It corresponds to a parent:: axis of SXPath. ; ; Please note: this function is provided for backward compatibility ; with SXPath/SXPathlib ver. 3.5.x.x and earlier. ; Now it's a particular case of 'sxml:parent' application: (define node-parent (sxml:parent (ntype?? '*any*))) (define sxml:child-nodes (sxml:child sxml:node?)) (define sxml:child-elements (select-kids sxml:element?))